APPLIED PHYSICS – 1

BS – 105                 APPLIED PHYSICS – I                           2023-24

Unit I
Introduction to Thermodynamics: Fundamental Ideas of Thermodynamics, The Continuum Model, The Concept of a “System‟, “State”, “Equilibrium”, “Process‟. Equations of state, Heat, Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, Work, first and second laws of thermodynamics, entropy

[8Hrs]

Unit II
Waves and Oscillations: Wave motion, simple harmonic motion, wave equation, superposition principle. Introduction to Electromagnetic Theory: Maxwell‟s equations. work done by the electromagnetic field, Poynting‟ ‘s theorem, Momentum, Angular momentum in electromagnetic fields, Electromagnetic waves: the wave equation, plane electromagnetic waves, energy carried by electromagnetic waves

[8Hrs]

Unit III
Interference: Interference by division of wavefront (Young’s double slit experiment, Fresnel’s biprism), interference by division of amplitude (thin films, Newton’s rings, Michelson’s interferometer), Coherence and coherent sources

Diffraction: Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction; Fraunhofer diffraction for Single slit, double slit, and N-slit (diffraction grating), Fraunhofer diffraction from a circular aperture, resolving power and dispersive power of a grating, Rayleigh criterion, resolving power of optical instruments

Polarization: Introduction to polarization, Brewster‟s law, Malu’s law, Nicol prism, double refraction, quarter-wave and half-wave plates, optical activity, specific rotation, Laurent half-shade polarimeter.                                                                                                                                                [12Hrs]

Unit IV
Theory of relativity: The Michelson-Morley Experiment and the speed of light; Absolute and Inertial frames of reference, Galilean transformations, the postulates of the special theory of relativity, Lorentz transformations, time dilation, length contraction, velocity addition, mass-energy equivalence. Invariance of Maxwell‟s equations under Lorentz Transformation.

Introduction to Laser Physics: Introduction, coherence, Einstein A and B coefficients, population inversion, basic principle and operation of a laser, the He-Ne laser and the Ruby laser

[12Hrs]